Hypernatremia:
Hypernatremia:
hypernatremia with decreased total body sodium content
treatment hypernatremia with dec total body Na content
hypernatremia with normal total body sodium content
treatment hypernatremia with nl total body sodium content
hypernatremia with increased total body sodium content
treatment hypernatremia with inc total body sodium content
anesthetic considerations with hypernatremia
Hypernatremia with decreased total body sodium content
-loss of both sodium and water
-ex. osmotic diuresis
-increased insensible losses
Treatment of hypernatremia with decreased total sodium content
-first correct volume status with isotonic intravenous solutions
-then continue with hypotonic intravenous solution to normalize sodium content
-normalize sodium concentration with D5W for over 48 hours
Hypernatremia with normal total body sodium content
-loss of primarily water
-ex. MCC diabetes insipidus
-diuretics
-renal failure
Treatment of hypernatremia with normal total body sodium content
-hypotonic fluid intravenous resusitation
-ex. D5W
Hypernatremia with increased total body sodium content
-excessive administration of sodium
-ex. excessive administration of 3% NaCl
-excessive administration of 7.5 % NaHC03
Treatment of hypernatremia with increased total body sodium content
-slowly correct the fluid deficit
-use of D5W for fluid resusitation
Anesthetic considerations with hypernatremia
Central nervous system complications may include:
-increased MAC requirements
-agitation
-lethargy
-confusion
-seizures
-coma death
Cardiovascular system complications may include:
-decreased mean arterial pressure with associated hypovolemia
-patients generally sensitive to inhalational anesthetics
Hepatic system complications may include:
-decreased Vd
-decreased i.v dose requirements
Renal system complications may include:
-associated with hypovolemia
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Hyponatremia (British:
Hyponatremia (British: hyponatraemia) is an electrolyte disturbance (disturbance of the salts in the blood) in 000-974 exam which the sodium (Natrium in Latin) concentration in the plasma is lower than normal (hypo in Greek; in this case, below 135 mmol/L).
Severe or rapidly progressing hyponatremia can result in swelling of the brain (cerebral edema), and the symptoms of hyponatremia are mainly neurological. Hyponatremia is most often a complication of other medical 70-448 exam illnesses in which either fluids rich in sodium are lost (for example because of diarrhea or vomiting), or excess water accumulates in the body at a higher rate than it can be excreted (for example in polydipsia or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, SIADH).642-691 exam
Hypernatremia or
Hypernatremia or hypernatraemia (see American and British English spelling differences) is an electrolyte disturbance that is defined by an elevated sodium level in the blood. Hypernatremia is generally not caused by an excess of sodium, but rather by a relative deficit of free water in the body. For this reason, hypernatremia is often synonymous with the less precise term, dehydration.Actually i was surfing net to get data related to my projects of ence certification , 70-631 , testking ccnp and in the meantime came here...And find this post different one!Well coming back to the point , Water is lost from the body in a variety of ways, including perspiration, insensible losses from breathing, and in the feces and urine. If the amount of water ingested consistently falls below the amount of water lost, the serum sodium level will begin to rise, leading to hypernatremia. Rarely, hypernatremia can result from massive salt ingestion, such as may occur from drinking seawater.
Ordinarily, even a small rise in the serum sodium concentration above the normal range results in a strong sensation of thirst, an increase in free water intake, and correction of the abnormality. Therefore, hypernatremia most often occurs in people such as infants, those with impaired mental status, or the elderly, who may have an intact thirst mechanism but are unable to ask for or obtain water.